ChaCha Story

blizzard.cs.uwaterloo.ca/keshav/home/Papers/data/07/paper-reading.pdf

[Summary]

The Three-pass Approach for reading research papers

The first pass gives you a general idea about the paper. The second pass lets you grasp the paper’s content, but not its details. The third pass helps you understand the paper in depth.

The First Pass

1. Carefully read the title, abstract, and introduction

2. Read the section and sub-section headings, but ignore everything else

3. Glance at the mathematical content (if any) to determine the underlying theoretical foundations

4. Read the conclusions

5. Glance over the references, mentally ticking off the ones you’ve already read

Result: At the end of the first pass, you should be able to answer the five Cs: category, context, correctness, contributions, clarity

The second Pass (1 hour)

1. Look carefully at the figures, diagrams and other illustrations in the paper. Pay special attention to graphs. Are the axes properly labeled? Are results shown with error bars, so that conclusions are statistically significant? Common mistakes like these will separate rushed, shoddy work from the truly excellent.

2. Remember to mark relevant unread references for further reading (this is a good way to learn more about the background of the paper)

Result: After this pass, you should be able to grasp the content of the paper. You should be able to summarize the main thrust of the paper, with supporting evidence, to someone else.

The Third Pass (2+ hours)

1. The key to the third pass is to attempt to virtually re-implement the paper: that is, making the same assumptions as the authors, re-create the work.

Result: At the end of this pass, you should be able to reconstruct the entire structure of the paper from memory, as well as be able to identify its strong and weak points. In particular, you should be able to pinpoint implicit assumptions, missing citations to relevant work, and potential issues with experimental or analytical techniques.

Related Work

1. If you are reading a paper to do a review, you should also read Timothy Roscoe’s paper on “Writing reviews for systems conferences”.

2. If you’re planning to write a technical paper, you should refer both to Henning Schulzrinne’s comprehensive web site and George Whitesides’s excellent overview of the process.

3. Simon Peyton Jones has a website that covers the entire spectrum of research skills. Iain H. McLean of Psychology, Inc. has put together a downloadable ‘review matrix’ that simplifies paper reviewing using the three-pass approach for papers in experimental psychology, which can probably be used, with minor modifications, for papers in other areas.

[Words & Phrases]

- tick off: to mark something with a written tick = check (✓)

• Tick the box next to your choice.

• Tick off your choice below.

• Glance over the references, mentally ticking off the ones you've already read.

- adequate: enough for some need or requirement (충분한)

- gist: the general or basic meaning of something said or written (요점)

- shoddy: poorly done or made

• shoddy work/workmanship/furniture/goods

• They gave a shoddy performance

- acronym: a word formed from the first letters of each one of the words in a phrase

- unsubstantiated: unproven = unsupported, unconfirmed, unverified 

• substantiate: to prove the truth of something

- persevere: to continue doing something or trying to do something even though it is difficult (인내하다)

- iterate: to repeat a process, especially as part of a computer program

- perceptive: having or showing an ability to understand or notice something easily or quickly (통찰력있는)

• a perceptive comment/analysis/observation

• He is a very perceptive young man.

• He is socially perceptive. (눈치 빠른)

- correspondent: someone who writes letters or e-mails to another person (보낸 사람)

• recipient (받는 사람)

[Engagement Point]

- a bird's-eye-view (조감도)

- read the paper in

• read in vs. read

- Paper reading skills are put to the test in doing a literature survey.

- Please take a moment to email me any comments or suggestions for improvement. Thanks to encouraging feedback from many correspondents over the years.

1. Read an Article

Book Summary: Sapiens by Yuval Noah Harari

jamesclear.com/book-summaries/sapiens

[Words & Phrases]

- On the verge of: very close to experiencing something

• The company was on the verge of going bankrupt.

• The child was on the verge of tears.

• We were on the verge of divorce.

- hunch over: round one's back by bending forward and drawing the shoulders forward = hunch forward, hump

- trajectory: the curved path along which something (such as a rocket) moves through the air or through space

- gorge on: to eat something eagerly and usually to excess

• gorge on high calories

- forager: a person or animal that goes from place to place searching for things that they can eat or use

• She is a very accomplished hunter and forager.

• Animals are very selective foragers.

- expedition: an organized journey for a particular purpose

- spawn: to cause (something) to develop or begin = to produce or create (something)

[Engagement Points]

- the Cognitive Revolution: Homo sapiens conquered the world because of its unique language. The Cognitive Revolution occurred between 70,000 to 30,000 years ago. It allowed Homo sapiens to communicate at a level never seen before in language. As far as we know, only Homo sapiens can talk about things we have never seen, touched, or smelled. Think religions, myths, legends, and fantasies.

- Human cultures began to take shape about 70,000 years ago.

• take shape: to start to develop a more clear or certain form

- Evolutionary psychology claims that most of our psychology was developed during the period before the Agricultural Revolution about 10,000 years ago.

- iron law: a law or controlling principle that is incontrovertible and inexorable (철칙)

• iron laws of historical necessity

• incontrovertible: not able to be doubted or questioned

• controvert: to say or prove that (something) is untrue

• inexorable: not able to be stopped or changed

2. Watch a Video

Learn English Through Movies, Inception

www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nqeh5SRH4Q8

[Words & Phrases]

- inception = origin, starting point

- auxiliary: available to provide extra help, power, etc., when it is needed (보조의, 보조자)

- wind up = end up

- break in: to illegally enter a place or building, especially in order to steal something

- turn on

1) turn on (something) or turn (something) on : to cause (something) to work or flow by pressing a button, moving a switch, etc.

• She turned on the lights/computer/radio/water.

• We turned on the heat in the house.

2) turn (someone) on or turn on (someone) informal : to cause (someone) to feel excitement or enjoyment : to be appealing to (someone)

• What kind of music turns you on? 

3) turn (someone) on to (something) : to cause (someone) to use or become interested in (something) for the first time

• She turned him on to water-skiing.

• He was turned on to cocaine by an acquaintance.

4) turn on (someone or something) : to attack or criticize (someone or something) in a sudden or unexpected way

• The dog suddenly turned on its owner.

• The rock star's fans began to turn on him.

5) turn on/upon (something)

a : to be determined or decided by (something)

• The outcome of the election turns on [=depends on] how well the candidates perform in the next debate.

b : to have (something) as a main subject or interest

• The discussion turned on the question of how the money should be spent.

6) turn (something) on (someone or something) : to use (something, such as a weapon) to harm, stop, or kill (someone or something)

• Fire hoses were turned on the protesters.

• He killed three people before turning the gun on himself. [=before shooting himself]

- projection: something that is imagined or created from your ideas, thoughts, feelings, etc.

• projections of my subconscious

- converge on: to meet or come together to form a crowd or group

• Six police cars converged on the accident scene.

• Reporters from five different news sources converged on her after the game.

- infiltrate: to secretly enter or join (something, such as a group or an organization) in order to get information or do harm

[Engagement Points]

- The more you change things, the quicker the projections start to converge on you.

1. Read an Article

The Red Queen Effect: Avoid Running Faster and Faster Only to Stay in the Same Place

fs.blog/2012/10/the-red-queen-effect/

[Words & Phrases]

- sequel:  a book, movie, etc., that continues a story begun in another book, movie, etc.

- heed: to pay attention to (advice, a warning, etc.)

- prop: to support (something) by placing it against something else or by placing something under it (받침대로 떠받치다, 받침대); an object that is used by a performer or actor or that is used to create a desired effect in a scene on a stage, in a movie, etc. (소품)

- complacent: satisfied with how things are and not wanting to change them (자기 만족적인)

• The strong economy has made people complacent.

• We have grown too complacent over the years.

• a complacent smirk (만족스러운 웃음)

• We can't afford to be complacent about illiteracy.

- anemia: a condition in which a person has fewer red blood cells than normal and feels very weak and tired (빈혈증)

- ripple effect: a situation in which one event causes a series of other events to happen (파급효과)

• These kinds of crimes create a ripple effect throughout the city. [=they cause more crimes, problems, etc.]

- cornerstone: something of basic importance

• Trust is the cornerstone of their relationship.

- mutation: a change in the genes of a plant or animal that causes physical characteristics that are different from what is normal (생물학: 돌연변이)

- malady: a disease or illness

• The patient was suffering from a mysterious malady [=ailment] that the doctors were unable to identify.

• unemployment and other social maladies

• disease = disorder: catchable or infectious - e.g. cancel, diabetes

• sickness = illness = malady:  the condition/perception of the disease (how you feel/look like, or how someone else looks like)

[Engagement Points]

- The Red Queen Effect (붉은 여왕 가설): 스탠퍼드 경영대학원의 윌리엄 바넷 교수가 처음 제시한 것으로, 경쟁 환경에서 뒤처지지 않기 위해서는 끊임없이 진화해야 한다는 의미를 담음.

- “Bees have to move very fast to stay still.” (by. David Foster Wallace)

- However fast they went, they never seemed to pass anything.

• however = no matter how 

• however/no matter how + 형/부 + 주 + 동: 아무리 ~하더라도

2. Watch a Video

What Makes "Generation Z" So Different? | Harry Beard | TEDxAstonUniversity

youtu.be/qyCn3APagyU

[Words & Phrases]

- staggering: very large, shocking, or surprising 

- cog: someone or something that is thought of as being like a part of a machine, often used to describe someone who is regarded as an unimportant part of a large business or organization

• He was an important cog on that championship team.

• He's just a cog in the machine.

- reiterate: to repeat something you have already said in order to emphasize it

• reiterate a claim/view/point

[Engagement Points]

- genuine passion

- beyond the box

- Rosa Parks (1913-2005): Called "the mother of the civil rights movement," Rosa Parks invigorated the struggle for racial equality when she refused to give up her bus seat to a white man in Montgomery, Alabama.

- Greta Thunberg: the Swedish teenager who skipped school and inspired an international movement to fight climate change. She has become a leading voice, inspiring millions to join protests around the world.

1. Watch a Video

English Lession with Harry Potter

youtu.be/703_pmFBcAk

[Words & Phrases]

- dashing = stylish and attractive in exciting way

- fraternize: to be friendly with someone

• It is usually unwise to fraternize with your employees.

- pluck up the courage: to force yourself to be brave enough to do something, although you are frightened or worried about it

- last resort: the only choice that remains after all other alternatives or solutions have been tried

[Engagement Points]

- I bet she's alone in her room, crying her eyes out.

• I bet = I'm pretty sure

- We'd take the mickey out of her if she did.

• To take the mickey out of somebody = to mock somebody, to laugh and make fun of somebody, especially in an unkind way

- I would've taken her myself if she weren't so bloody proud.

- Would you care to do something?

- the whole point of something

- off to bed = go to bed

2. Repeat Phrases

올리버쌤 영어 꿀팁 - It just hit me (EBS English)

youtu.be/1NwwmVS5zCI

[Engagement Points]

- It just hit me that I have a test tomorrow. (자발적으로 떠올랐을 때, 무릎을 탁치는 느낌)

• It just hit me that = I just realized that

- After getting fired from my job, it hit me that I wasn't following my dream.

• After watching his speech, it hit me that I confined myself in a box, named others' path to success.

- That reminds me. I need to call Frank. (타인이나 상황 때문에 생각났을 때)

1. Watch a Video

www.youtube.com/watch?v=S4nqUbURasQ

[Words & Phrases]

- meddle: to interfere

• when meddled with

• You're meddling in things that are not to be meddled in.

- topmost: the highest

- ghastly: unpleasant in a way that causes great horror or fear = ill, shocked

[Engagement Points]

- personal pronoun = me, us, you, it

2. Practice a Speech

youtu.be/CYmyp77d1BU 

After watching a speech from Tyler Rasch, I figured out the topic I would make on the next prepared speech for Toastmasters club: 'What I want to do'. I've reminded what I've wanted to do rather than what I've wanted to be.

[Engagement Points]

- I have confined myself to the box of success rules that others made.